A comparative study in left-sided breast cancer treated with moderate deep inspiratory breath hold versus free breathing.

BACKGROUND: The moderate deep inspiratory breath hold (mDIBH) is a modality famed for cardiac sparing. Prospective studies based on this are few from the eastern part of the world and India. We intend to compare the dosimetry between mDIBH and free-breathing (FB) plans. METHODS: Thirty-two locally advanced left breast cancer patients were taken up for the study. All patients received a dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions to the chest wall/intact breast, followed by a 10-Gy boost to the lumpectomy cavity in the case of breast conservation surgery. All the patients were treated in mDIBH using active breath coordinator (ABC). The data from the two dose volume histograms were compared regarding plan quality and the doses received by the organs at risk. Paired t-test was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The dose received by the heart in terms of V5, V10, and V30 (4.55% vs 8.39%) and mean dose (4.73 Gy vs 6.74 Gy) were statistically significant in the ABC group than that in the FB group (all p-values < 0.001). Also, the dose received by the LADA in terms of V30 (19.32% vs 24.87%) and mean dose (32.99 Gy vs 46.65 Gy) were significantly less in the ABC group. The mean treatment time for the ABC group was 20 min, while that for the free-breathing group was 10 min. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating ABC-mDIBH for left-sided breast cancer radiotherapy significantly reduces the doses received by the heart, LADA, and left and right lung, with no compromise in plan quality but with an increase in treatment time.

Benefit of respiratory gating in the Danish Breast Cancer Group partial breast irradiation trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Partial breast irradiation (PBI)has beenthe Danish Breast Cancer Group(DBCG) standard for selected breast cancer patients since 2016 based onearlyresults from the DBCG PBI trial.During trial accrual, respiratory-gated radiotherapy was introduced in Denmark. This study aims to investigate the effect of respiratory-gating on mean heart dose (MHD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 2009 to 2016 the DBCG PBI trial included 230 patientswith left-sided breast cancer receiving external beam PBI, 40 Gy/15 fractions/3 weeks.Localization of the tumor bed on the planning CT scan, the use of respiratory-gating, coverage of the clinical target volume (CTV), and doses to organs at risk were collected. RESULTS: Respiratory-gating was used in 123 patients (53 %). In 176 patients (77 %) the tumor bed was in the upper and in 54 patients (23 %) in the lower breast quadrants. The median MHD was 0.37 Gy (interquartile range 0.26-0.57 Gy), 0.33 Gy (0.23-0.49 Gy) for respiratory-gating, and 0.49 Gy (0.31-0.70 Gy) for free breathing, p < 0.0001. MHD was < 1 Gy in 206 patients (90 %) and < 2 Gy in 221 patients (96 %). Respiratory-gating led to significantly lower MHD for upper-located, but not for lower-located tumor beds, however, all MHD were low irrespective of respiratory-gating. Respiratory-gating did not improve CTV coverage or lower lung doses. CONCLUSIONS: PBI ensured a low MHD for most patients. Adding respiratory-gating further reduced MHD for upper-located but not for lower-located tumor beds but did not influence target coverage or lung doses. Respiratory-gating is no longer DBCG standard for left-sided PBI.

Spot-scanning proton therapy for early breast cancer in free breathing versus deep inspiration breath-hold.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Proton therapy for breast cancer is usually given in free breathing (FB). With the use of deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) technique, the location of the heart is displaced inferiorly, away from the internal mammary nodes and, thus, the dose to the heart can potentially be reduced. The aim of this study was to explore the potential benefit of proton therapy in DIBH compared to FB for highly selected patients to reduce exposure of the heart and other organs at risk. We aimed at creating proton plans with delivery times feasible with treatment in DIBH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with left-sided breast cancer receiving loco-regional proton therapy were included. The FB and DIBH plans were created for each patient using spot-scanning proton therapy with 2-3 fields, robust and single field optimization. For the DIBH plans, minimum monitor unit per spot and spot spacing were increased to reduce treatment delivery time. RESULTS: All plans complied with target coverage constraints. The median mean heart dose was statistically significant reduced from 1.1 to 0.6 Gy relative biological effectiveness (RBE) by applying DIBH. No statistical significant difference was seen for mean dose and V17Gy RBE to the ipsilateral lung. The median treatment delivery time for the DIBH plans was reduced by 27% compared to the FB plans without compromising the plan quality. INTERPRETATION: The median absolute reduction in dose to the heart was limited. Proton treatment in DIBH may only be relevant for a subset of these patients with the largest reduction in heart exposure.

Dosimetric effect of rotational setup errors in volumetric modulated arc therapy and field-in-field treatment of left-sided breast cancer.

Setup errors are an important factor in the dosimetric accuracy of radiotherapy delivery. In this study, we investigated how rotational setup errors influence the dose distribution in volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and tangential field-in-field (FiF) treatment of left-sided breast cancer with supraclavicular lymph node involvement in deep inspiration breath hold. Treatment planning computed tomography images and radiotherapy plans of 20 patients were collected retrospectively for the study. Rotational setup errors up to 3° were simulated by rotating the planning images, and the resulting dosimetric changes were calculated. With rotational setup errors up to 3°, the median decrease of V95% to clinical target volume was less than 0.8 percentage point in both VMAT and FiF plans. The dose distribution of the heart and left anterior descending artery was more stable with respect to rotations in VMAT plans compared to FiF plans. Correction of ≥1° setup errors is recommended due to increased doses to the heart and left anterior descending artery after 1° setup errors.

Deep inspiration breath hold real-time tumor-tracking radiation therapy (DBRT) as a novel stereotactic body radiation therapy approach for lung tumors.

Radiotherapy with deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) reduces doses to the lungs and organs at risk. The stability of breath holding and reproducibility of tumor location are higher during expiration than during inspiration; therefore, we developed an irradiation method combining DIBH and real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy (RTRT) (DBRT). Nine patients were enrolled in this study. Fiducial markers were placed near tumors using bronchoscopy. Treatment planning computed tomography (CT) was performed thrice during DIBH, assisted by spirometer-based device. Each CT scan was fused using fiducial markers. Gross tumor volume (GTV) was contoured for each dataset and summed to create GTVsum; adding a 5-mm margin around GTVsum generated the planning target volume. The prescribed dose was mainly 42 Gy in four fractions. The treatment plan was created using DIBH CT (DBRT-plan), with a similar treatment plan created for expiratory CT for cases for which DBRT could not be performed (conv-plan). Vx defined as the volume of the lung received x Gy, and the mean lung dose, V20, V10, and V5 were evaluated. DBRT was completed in all patients. Mean dose, V20, and V10 were significantly lower in the DBRT-plan than in the conv-plan (all p = 0.003). Mean rates of decrease for mean dose, V20, and V10 were 14.0%, 27.6%, and 19.1%, respectively. No significant difference was observed in V5. We developed DBRT, a stereotactic body radiation therapy performed with the DIBH technique; it combines a spirometer-based breath-hold support system with an RTRT system. All patients who underwent DBRT completed the procedure without any technical or mechanical complications. This is a promising methodology that may significantly reduce lung doses.

Society of Surgical Oncology Breast Disease Site Working Group Statement on Contralateral Mastectomy: Indications, Outcomes, and Risks.

Rates of contralateral mastectomy (CM) among patients with unilateral breast cancer have been increasing in the United States. In this Society of Surgical Oncology position statement, we review the literature addressing the indications, risks, and benefits of CM since the society's 2017 statement. We held a virtual meeting to outline key topics and then conducted a literature search using PubMed to identify relevant articles. We reviewed the articles and made recommendations based on group consensus. Patients consider CM for many reasons, including concerns regarding the risk of contralateral breast cancer (CBC), desire for improved cosmesis and symmetry, and preferences to avoid ongoing screening, whereas surgeons primarily consider CBC risk when making a recommendation for CM. For patients with a high risk of CBC, CM reduces the risk of new breast cancer, however it is not known to convey an overall survival benefit. Studies evaluating patient satisfaction with CM and reconstruction have yielded mixed results. Imaging with mammography within 12 months before CM is recommended, but routine preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging is not; there is also no evidence to support routine postmastectomy imaging surveillance. Because the likelihood of identifying an occult malignancy during CM is low, routine sentinel lymph node surgery is not recommended. Data on the rates of postoperative complications are conflicting, and such complications may not be directly related to CM. Adjuvant therapy delays due to complications have not been reported. Surgeons can reduce CM rates by encouraging shared decision making and informed discussions incorporating patient preferences.

Robustness analysis of surface-guided DIBH left breast radiotherapy: personalized dosimetric effect of real intrafractional motion within the beam gating thresholds.

PURPOSE: The robustness of surface-guided (SG) deep-inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) radiotherapy (RT) for left breast cancer was evaluated by investigating any potential dosimetric effects due to the residual intrafractional motion allowed by the selected beam gating thresholds. The potential reduction of DIBH benefits in terms of organs at risk (OARs) sparing and target coverage was evaluated for conformational (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) techniques. METHODS: A total of 192 fractions of SGRT DIBH left breast 3DCRT treatment for 12 patients were analyzed. For each fraction, the average of the real-time displacement between the isocenter on the daily reference surface and on the live surface ("SGRT shift") during beam-on was evaluated and applied to the original plan isocenter. The dose distribution for the treatment beams with the new isocenter point was then calculated and the total plan dose distribution was obtained by summing the estimated perturbed dose for each fraction. Then, for each patient, the original plan and the perturbed one were compared by means of Wilcoxon test for target coverage and OAR dose-volume histogram (DVH) metrics. A global plan quality score was calculated to assess the overall plan robustness against intrafractional motion of both 3DCRT and IMRT techniques. RESULTS: Target coverage and OAR DVH metrics did not show significant variations between the original and the perturbed plan for the IMRT techniques. 3DCRT plans showed significant variations for the left descending coronary artery (LAD) and the humerus only. However, none of the dose metrics exceeded the mandatory dose constraints for any of the analyzed plans. The global plan quality analysis indicated that both 3DCRT and IMRT techniques were affected by the isocenter shifts in the same way and, generally, the residual isocenter shifts more likely tend to worsen the plan in all cases. CONCLUSION: The DIBH technique proved to be robust against residual intrafractional isocenter shifts allowed by the selected SGRT beam-hold thresholds. Small-volume OARs located near high dose gradients showed significant marginal deteriorations in the perturbed plans with the 3DCRT technique only. Global plan quality was mainly influenced by patient anatomy and treatment beam geometry rather than the technique adopted.

Tumor Characteristics of Bilateral Breast Cancer Compared with Unilateral Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Bilateral breast cancer (BC) has an incidence of 1 to 3 %. This study aimed to describe the clinicopathologic characteristics and management of bilateral BC, estimate disease-free survival (DFS), and compare DFS with unilateral BC. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for patients who had bilateral invasive BC or unilateral invasive BC and contralateral ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 2008 to 2022. A 4:1 matched cohort of patients with unilateral invasive BC was used for comparison. The groups were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum or chi-square tests. Disease-free survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, with Cox proportional hazards regression used for multivariable analysis. RESULTS: The study identified 278 cases of bilateral breast cancer (177 cases of bilateral invasive cancer and 101 cases of unilateral invasive cancer with contralateral DCIS), representing 4.1 % of invasive BCs. Biologic subtype was concordant between sides in 79.8 % of the patients. Initial surgery was bilateral mastectomy for 76.6 %, bilateral lumpectomy for 20.5 %, and unilateral mastectomy with unilateral lumpectomy for 2.9 % of the patients. Pathogenic variants in breast cancer predisposition genes were present in 21.7 % of those tested. The patients who had bilateral BC presented with a higher cT category than the patients who had unilateral BC (p = 0.02), and a higher proportion presented with ILC (17.3 % vs 10.9 %; p = 0.004), estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) disease (89.2 % vs 84.2 %; p = 0.04), multicentric/multifocal disease (37.1 % vs 24.3 %; p < 0.001), breast cancer pathogenic variant (21.7 % vs 12.4 %; p = 0.02), and palpable presentation (48.2 % vs 40.8 %; p = 0.03). The patients with bilateral BC showed DFS similar to that for the unilateral BC cohort (p = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral BCs most commonly are biologically concordant between sides. Bilateral BC presented more commonly with larger tumors, lobular histology, ER+ status, multicentricity or multifocality, pathogenic variant, and palpable disease. Bilateral BC is not associated with worse DFS than unilateral BC.

Assessment of the effect of the American Society of Breast Surgery guidelines on contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rates for unilateral breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: In July 2016, the American Society of Breast Surgeons published guidelines discouraging contralateral prophylactic mastectomy for average-risk women with unilateral breast cancer. We incorporated these into practice with structured patient counseling and aimed to assess the effect of this initiative on contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rates. METHODS: We evaluated female patients with unilateral breast cancer undergoing mastectomy at our institution from January 2011 to November 2022. Variables associated with contralateral prophylactic mastectomy and trends over time were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test or χ2 analysis as appropriate. RESULTS: Among 3,208 patients, (median age 54 years) 1,366 (43%) had a unilateral mastectomy, and 1,842 (57%) also had a concomitant contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. Across all patients, contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rates significantly decreased post-implementation from 2017 to 2019 (55%) vs 2015 to 2016 (62%) (P = .01) but increased from 2020 to 2022 (61%). Immediate breast reconstruction rate was 70% overall (81% with contralateral prophylactic mastectomy and 56% without contralateral prophylactic mastectomy, P < .001). Younger age, White race, mutation status, and earlier stage were also associated with contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. Genetic testing increased from 27% pre-guideline to 74% 2020 to 2022, as did the proportion of patients with a pathogenic variant (4% pre-guideline vs 11% from 2020-2022, P < .001), of whom 91% had a contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. Among tested patients without a pathogenic variant and patients not tested, contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rates declined from 78% to 67% and 48% to 38% pre -and post-guidelines, respectively, P < .001. CONCLUSION: Implementation of specific patient counseling was effective in decreasing contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rates. While recognizing that patient choice plays a significant role in the decision for contralateral prophylactic mastectomy, further educational efforts are warranted to affect contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rates, particularly in the setting of negative genetic testing.

Dose to Organ at Risk and its Characteristic Variation with the Clinically Used Different Prescription Levels for Early-stage Left-sided Breast Cancer.

AIMS: To evaluate the organ at risk (OAR) dose and its characteristic variation with different clinically usable prescription doses (RxD) for breast and chest wall radiotherapy in patients with early-stage left-sided breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 145 patients with early-stage breast cancers (T1N0M0-T2N0M0) on the left side were treated with radiotherapy after a modified radical mastectomy or breast conservation surgery, with a mean age of 45.1 ± 21.6 years. The patient received 4050 cGy of field-in-field (three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy) treatment limited to the breast or chest wall, excluding the supraclavicular node, axillary node and internal mammary chain, over 15 fractions. Additional plans of 5000 cGy/25 fractions, 4500 cGy/20 fractions and 2600 cGy/5 fractions were created with no or minor changes to the original plan. Mathematical modelling was used to study the distinctive change in the dose-volume characteristics for various OARs as a function of the RxD. OAR dosages, both absolute and normalised, were expressed in terms of the RxD. The mathematical (functional) relationship between OAR doses and different prescription levels was deduced by the least squares fit method. RESULT: The left lung mean dose, V5Gy (%), V10Gy (%) and V20Gy (%) and the heart mean dose, V10Gy (%) and V20Gy (%) were evaluated. The dose-volume parameters showed a parabolic variation (x2) with the RxD. Prescription normalised OAR doses showed a linear relationship with the RxD; relative dose increased with diminishing RxD. Normalised lung and heart mean doses exhibited saturation (linear relationship) with RxD variation. Paired sample t-test results between RxD versus all evaluated parameters were found to be statistically significant (P = 0.004). The Pearson correlation coefficient between different prescription levels for left lung mean dose (range 0.942-1.0), heart mean dose (range 1.0-1.0), left lung V5Gy (%) (range 0.987-1.0), left lung V10Gy (%) (range 0.991-0.999), heart V10Gy (%) (range 0.998-1.0). CONCLUSION: The functional form of absolute OAR dose-volume parameters versus RxD is parabolic and the RxD normalised OAR dose-volume parameter versus RxD is a straight line with a negative slope as RxD increases. This indicates an increase in the relative OAR dose-volume parameters if the RxD is reduced. This study is the first of its kind to compare the OAR doses as a function of clinically used degenerate prescription levels. These data will help to comprehend the OAR doses while adopting a new dose fractionation regimen and reviewing the radiotherapy treatment plans.

Discordance of Oncotype DX scores in synchronous bilateral and unilateral multifocal breast cancers.

PURPOSE: Oncotype DX, a 21-gene expression profiling test, has become standard of care in the management of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. In multifocal tumors, it is unclear whether testing of the different foci is necessary. We evaluated the concordance of Oncotype DX recurrence scores (RS) between 2 tumor foci in synchronous bilateral or unilateral multifocal tumors and characterized pathological predictors of discordance. METHODS: We reviewed 713 ER+, HER2- primary invasive breast cancer patients with Oncotype RS and identified 17 bilateral synchronous patients (34 tumors) and 13 unilateral multifocal patients (26 tumors) with available Oncotype RS on all foci. Discordance in Oncotype RS between synchronous tumors was recorded and associations with clinicopathologic features including tumor size, histology, Nottingham histologic grade, progesterone receptor staining, and Ki67 index were analyzed. RESULTS: Bilateral synchronous tumors were present in older patients (median age 59 years) and had larger tumor (median size 17 mm) and more discordant histology (10/17, 59%) as compared to unilateral multifocal tumors (median age 49 years, p < 0.01; median tumor size 12 mm, p = 0.01; discordant histology 2/13, 15%, p = 0.03). Oncotype RS were discordant in 47% (8/17) of bilateral and 54% (7/13) of unilateral multifocal tumors. Concordant Oncotype RS was associated with similar histologic grade and Ki67 index in 78% (7/9) of bilateral and 100% (6/6) of multifocal tumors. In contrast, only 25% (2/8) of bilateral (p = 0.06) and 14% (1/7) of unilateral multifocal (p < 0.01) cases with discordant Oncotype RS had concordant histology grades and Ki67 levels. In synchronous tumors with discordant Oncotype RS and Ki67 index, all (4/4) foci with higher RS had higher Ki67 index. CONCLUSION: Discordance of Oncotype RS is common in both bilateral and unilateral multifocal breast cancer and is likely associated with discordant histologic grade or Ki67.

Factors Associated With Cardiac Radiation Dose Reduction After Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Localized, Left-Sided Breast Cancer in a Large Statewide Quality Consortium.

PURPOSE: Limiting cardiac radiation dose is important for minimizing long-term cardiac toxicity in patients with left-sided early-stage breast cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Prospectively collected dosimetric data were analyzed for patients undergoing moderately hypofractionated radiation therapy to the left breast within the Michigan Radiation Oncology Quality Consortium from 2016 to 2022. The mean heart dose (MHD) goal was progressively tightened from ≤2 Gy in 2016 to MHD ≤ 1.2 Gy in 2018. In 2021, a planning target volume (PTV) coverage goal was added, and the goal MHD was reduced to ≤1 Gy. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to assess for covariates associated with meeting the MHD goals in 2016 to 2020 and the combined MHD/PTV coverage goal in 2021 to 2022. RESULTS: In total, 4165 patients were analyzed with a median age of 64 years. Overall average cardiac metric compliance was 91.7%. Utilization of motion management increased from 41.8% in 2016 to 2020 to 46.5% in 2021 to 2022. Similarly, use of prone positioning increased from 12.2% to 22.2% in these periods. On multivariate analysis in the 2016 to 2020 cohort, treatment with motion management (odds ratio [OR], 5.20; 95% CI, 3.59-7.54; P < .0001) or prone positioning (OR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.85-5.57; P < .0001) was associated with meeting the MHD goal, while receipt of boost (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.17-0.39; P < .0001) and omission of hormone therapy (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.49-0.88; P = .0047) were associated with not meeting the MHD goal. From 2021 to 2022, treatment with motion management (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.12-3.21; P = .018) or prone positioning (OR, 3.71; 95% CI, 1.73-7.95; P = .0008) was associated with meeting the combined MHD/PTV goal, while larger breast volume (≥1440 cc; OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13-0.91; P = .031) was associated with not meeting the combined goal. CONCLUSIONS: In our statewide consortium, high rates of compliance with aggressive targets for limiting cardiac dose were achievable without sacrificing target coverage.

Analysis of multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy: Accelerated partial breast irradiation in a retrospective cohort of early-stage breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE: To determine cardiac dose received by patients treated with high dose rate interstitial brachytherapy. Patients with early-stage, node negative breast cancer can be treated using multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy accelerated partial breast irradiation (MIB-APBI), with the benefit of reduced treatment volumes and favorable toxicity. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We conducted a retrospective review of left-sided breast cancer patients treated using MIB-APBI at our institution since 2014. The mean heart dose (MHD) was calculated using the Oncentra 3.2 planning system. The minimum distance between the planning target volume (PTVeval) and heart contour was measured manually. FINDINGS: 81 patients were included. The upper outer quadrant was the most common site. The MHD was 97.8 cGy (EQD2a/b=2) (range 22-229 cGy). MHD significantly correlated with the closest distance between PTVeval and heart contour (correlation coefficient -0.823, p <0.001); size of PTVeval (cc) and quadrant location did not. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriately selected women with early-stage, low-risk, left-sided breast cancer who received MIB-APBI had acceptable MHD. There was a strong correlation between the distance of PTVeval and MHD. Quadrant breast tumor is in cannot be used as a surrogate for MHD in brachytherapy. Our findings contribute to the growing evidence of the utility and safety of MIB-APBI.

VMAT with DIBH in hypofractionated radiotherapy for left-sided breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery: results of a non-inferiority clinical study.

The purpose of this study was to show the safety of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) in hypofractionated radiotherapy for left-sided breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery in a clinical setting. Twenty-five Japanese women, aged 20-59 years, who were enrolled in this prospective non-inferiority study received VMAT under the condition of DIBH with 42.4 Gy/16 fractions for whole-breast irradiation (WBI) ± boost irradiation for the tumor bed to show the non-inferiority of VMAT with DIBH to conventional fractionated WBI with free breathing. The primary endpoint was the rate of occurrence of radiation dermatitis of Grade 3 or higher or pneumonitis of Grade 2 or higher within 6 months after the start of radiotherapy. This study was registered with UMIN00004321. All of the enrolled patients completed the planned radiotherapy without interruption. The evaluation of adverse events showed that three patients (12.0%) had Grade 2 radiation dermatitis. There was no other Grade 2 adverse event and there was no patient with an adverse event of Grade 3 or higher. Those results confirmed our hypothesis that the experimental treatment method is non-inferior compared with our historical results. There was no patient with locoregional recurrence or metastases. In conclusion, VMAT under the condition of DIBH in hypofractionated radiotherapy for left-sided breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery can be performed safely in a clinical setting.

Outcomes of Women Undergoing Mastectomy for Unilateral Breast Cancer Who Elect to Undergo Contralateral Mastectomy for Symmetry: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Breast reconstruction (BR) is routinely offered to restore symmetry after mastectomy for breast cancer. Not all women, however, may want reconstructive surgery. A contralateral mastectomy (CM) to achieve "flat symmetry" can be an excellent alternative, but surgeons are often reluctant to offer this procedure. This systematic review aimed to summarize the available evidence regarding the outcomes of CM as the first step to developing guidelines in this area. METHODS: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched to identify primary research studies, published in English between 1 January 2000 and 30 August 2022, evaluating clinical or patient-reported outcomes for women who underwent a CM without reconstruction after a mastectomy for unilateral breast cancer. Simple descriptive statistics summarized quantitative data, and content analysis was used for qualitative data. RESULTS: The study included 15 studies (13 quantitative, 1 qualitative, and 1 mixed-methods) evaluating outcomes for at least 1954 women who underwent a bilateral mastectomy without reconstruction (BM) after unilateral breast cancer. The risk of surgical complications after BM was higher than after unilateral mastectomy without reconstruction (UM) but significantly less than after BR. Satisfaction with the decision for BM was high in all the studies. Key themes relating to flat denial, stigma, and gender-based assumptions were identified. CONCLUSION: Women electing to undergo BM reported high levels of satisfaction with their decision and complication rates similar to those for UM. Further study is needed to comprehensively explore the outcomes for women seeking BM, but these data should give surgeons confidence to offer the procedure as an alternative option for symmetry after unilateral mastectomy for breast cancer. REGISTRATION: This systematic review was prospectively registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42022353689).

The effect of different nerve block strategies on the quality of post-operative recovery in breast cancer patients: A randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of three types of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks on post-operative recovery quality in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for unilateral breast cancer. METHODS: In this randomized double-blinded trial (chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR2200059428), 150 female patients were equally assigned to S group (serratus anterior plane block, SAPB) group, P group (paravertebral block, PVB) or ST group (serratus anterior combined with transverse thoracic muscle plane blocks, SA-TTMPB). The primary outcome was QoR-15 at five time points after surgery. Secondary outcomes were pain scores, time of first rescue analgesic and chronic pain incidence at 3 months. RESULTS: The QoR-15 total score of S group at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 days post-surgery was significantly lower in groups P and ST, while there was no significant difference between groups P and ST (S vs. P vs. ST, 100.29 ± 6.20 vs. 108.51 ± 7.46 vs. 106.46 ± 6.95; 105.59 ± 6.18 vs. 113.06 ± 7.44 vs. 111.22 ± 6.56; 112.51 ± 6.32 vs. 119.88 ± 6.44 vs. 117.62 ± 6.09; 123.00 ± 5.78 vs. 128.86 ± 5.96 vs. 126.92 ± 5.72, p < 0.05). The dynamic and rest NRS scores at 6 and 12 h post-surgery were significantly higher in group S than in groups P and ST. CONCLUSION: Serratus anterior plane block combined with transverse thoracic muscle plane block and paravertebral block both have better effects than serratus anterior plane block alone in improving patients' early post-operative recovery quality, and also have an advantage in improving early post-operative pain. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR2200059428). DATE OF REGISTRATION: 29 April 2022. SIGNIFICANCE: Serratus anterior combined with transverse thoracic muscle plane block may be a safer, easier, and equally effective nerve block strategy than paravertebral block in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for unilateral breast cancer.

Correlation between maximum heart distance and thoracic diameter changes and diaphragmatic descent in left-sided breast cancer patients during deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH).

BACKGROUND: Cardioprotection is valued in radiotherapy for patients with left-sided breast cancer. Deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) technique can achieve cardioprotection well. However, during DIBH, the extent to which the heart enters the radiation field is affected by the movement of the thorax and diaphragm. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between the maximum distance of the heart entering the field (maximum heart distance, MHD) and thoracic diameter changes and diaphragmatic descent in left-sided breast cancer patients during DIBH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight patients with left-sided breast cancer were included in this retrospective study. They performed simulation in Sentinel-guided DIBH, and two sets of CT images were collected under both free breathing (FB) and DIBH, and diaphragm positions, anteroposterior thoracic diameter (ATD), transverse thoracic diameter (TTD), gating window level (GWL), and MHD were measured, and the change (Δ) of each parameter in DIBH relative to that in FB were calculated. Pearson or Spearman test were used to analyze the correlation between ΔMHD and the changes in other parameters. RESULTS: For all patients with DIBH, the average of ΔMHD was -8.3 mm, and the average of ΔATD and ΔTTD were 11.0 and 8.6 mm, and the median of both left diaphragmatic descent (LDD) and right diaphragmatic descent (RDD) were 35.0 mm, and the median of GWL was 11.1 mm. The correlation coefficients between MHD decrease (ΔMHD) and LDD, RDD, and ΔTTD were -0.430 (p = 0.000), -0.592 (p = 0.000) and 0.208 (p = 0.040), respectively, but not significantly correlated with ΔATD or GWL. CONCLUSIONS: The MHD decrease showed a moderate correlation with diaphragmatic descent In Sentinel-guided DIBH for patients with left-sided breast cancer, while there was a weak or no correlation with thoracic diameter changes or GWL. Abdominal breathing can lower diaphragm more and may be more beneficial to the heart stay away from tangential field.

Descripción de 4 casos: tumor desmoide de la mama, diagnóstico y manejo de un tumor infrecuente / Description of four cases: desmoid tumor of the breast, diagnosis and management of a rare tumor

Introducción: el tumor desmoide (TD) de la mama es una lesión poco frecuente constituida por proliferación de células fibroblásticas. Puede localizarse a nivel intra o extraabdominal y la localización mamaria es excepcional. Aunque es una lesión benigna tiene un comportamiento localmente agresivo sin metástasis ganglionar o a distancia. Su etiología es desconocida y entre el 10 y 20% de los casos están relacionados con la poliposis adenomatosa familiar. Se presenta como un nódulo sólido de nueva aparición e indoloro. El tratamiento clásicamente ha sido la resección quirúrgica, con elevadas tasas de recurrencia a pesar de márgenes libres. Otras terapias están siendo estudiadas. Nuestro objetivo es revisar el manejo del TD de la mama a través del análisis de la casuística en nuestro centro en los últimos 10 años y la revisión de las evidencias disponibles. Métodos: análisis descriptivo retrospectivo. Los casos se identificaron empleando el sistema de explotación de la información del hospital. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura. Resultados: nuestra serie consta de 4 casos, mujeres de entre 36 y 66 años. Tres de ellas consultaron por nódulo palpable. La BAG presentó hallazgos compatibles con un TD. Los casos fueron presentados en un comité multidisciplinar y se propuso una resección quirúrgica amplia. La AP confirmó el diagnóstico y en uno de los casos informó de márgenes afectos. Durante el seguimiento se evidenció recidiva en dicho caso. Conclusiones: los TD son tumores infrecuentes, de repercusión clínica y respuesta al tratamiento variable. Este debe incluir la opción expectante y, en cualquier caso, individualizarse y consensuarse dentro de una perspectiva multidisciplinar. (AU)

Introduction: The desmoid tumor (DT) of the breast is a rare lesion consisting of proliferation of fibroblastic cells. It can be located intra- or extra-abdominally and the mammary location is exceptional. Although it is a benign lesion, it has a locally aggressive behavior without lymph node or distant metastasis. Its etiology is unknown and 10–20% of cases are related to familial adenomatous polyposis. It presents as a new, painless solid nodule. The treatment has traditionally been surgical resection, with high rates of recurrence despite free margins. Other therapies are being studied. Our objective is to review the management of DT of the breast through the analysis of the casuistry in our center in the last 10 years and the review of the available evidence. Methods: Retrospective descriptive analysis. The cases were identified using the hospital information exploitation system. A narrative review of the literature was performed. Results: Our series consists of 4 cases, women between 36 and 66 years old. Three of them consulted for a palpable nodule. The CNB presented findings compatible with DT. The cases were presented to a multidisciplinary committee and a wide surgical resection was proposed. The AP confirmed the diagnosis and in one of the cases reported affected margins. During follow-up, recurrence was observed in this case. Conclusions: DTs are infrequent tumors, with clinical repercussions and variable response to treatment. This must include the expectant option and, in any case, be individualized and agreed upon within a multidisciplinary perspective. (AU)